Parma

Founded in 1913, Parma represent the Emilian city from which they take their name. The club are known as I Crociati, or the Crusaders, after the black cross traditionally worn on a white home shirt, while yellow and blue are also central to their visual identity. Parma play at the Stadio Ennio Tardini, a compact city ground opened in 1923 and named after an early club president.

Parma's golden age began with promotion to Serie A in 1990 under Nevio Scala. Between 1992 and 2002 they won three Coppa Italia trophies, two UEFA Cups, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the UEFA Super Cup and the Supercoppa Italiana. Scala's teams were tactically flexible and built around a strong defensive structure, while later sides sustained the club's European standing with a blend of experienced internationals and emerging talent.